Baris Yilmaz levelled for Turkey after 77 minutes but Nicola Zalewski scored a winner in added time.
Poland, who kick off their Euro campaign against the Netherlands on June 16, have already lost Juventus striker Arkadiusz Milik, who was injured against Ukraine on Friday.
He “underwent selective arthroscopic meniscectomy surgery on the medial meniscus of his left knee this morning,” Juve said on Monday without giving a recovery timeline.
“The player will begin his rehabilitation tomorrow with the aim of resuming competitive activity as soon as possible,” they added.
Poland are in Group D at Euro 2024 and after the Netherlands they face Austria and France.
Captain Lewandowski, who has scored 82 times in 149 games for his country, is 35 and would be appearing in his fourth European Championship.
Turkey are in Group F and face Georgia on June 18, followed by Portugal and the Czech Republic.
© Agence France-Presse
Photo: Twitter @Squawka